Research on agricultural education and extension to develop competence for rural innovation, entrepreneurship, transformation, and integrated development. The Cooperative Services division serves cooperative members, directors, management, educational institutions, organizations, rural residents, and others interested in cooperative-based business. Urban agriculture has been most concisely defined by Wagstaff and Wortman (2013) as âall forms of agricultural production (food and non-food products) occurring within or around cities.â Within the donor community, a revitalised and expanded role for advisory and information services is seen as central to pro-poor agricultural growth. From each group of farmers, 1 contact farmer (CF) and 1 extension link farmer (ELF) were trained. Most producers live in a world of imperfect information, and are subject to considerable uncertainty with regard to weather conditions, pest attacks, and market options. Agricultural extension and food security transfers have constituted the bulk of public spending in agriculture in Ethiopia. Rural Development Cooperative Services 2. Objectives of Extension Education The objectives of extension education are the expression of the ends forwards which our efforts are directed. Download Full PDF Package. [12] Although government expenditure on extension services has typically been low, evidence from several countries show that agricultural extension is a pro-poor public investment with high returns to poverty reduction. For Sustainable Intensification to succeed, smallholders need to build up their understanding of farming systems and capacity to innovate within their own particular ecosystems. Rural Development Cooperative Grants 3. This paper. Credit, Agriculture for Imapct. Advisory â the use by farmers of a cadre of experts as a source of advice in relation to specific problems faced by them; In fact, extension worker or extension officer is the key component of agriculture sector after a farmer. In agricultural extension, there are also certain principles on which the subject matter is based on. Submit an article. a governmental official employed chiefly to advise farmers on farming and marketing techniques. Agriculture extension officer has a pivotal role in agriculture sector of any country. [1] 1. In 2008 the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) started to support Emiliaâs small shop through the Mozambique Agrodealer Development project. [2] The UN High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) argue that ânational research and extension systems need full attention and investments from governments and the donor community.â[3]. 1966: Exte⦠Extension services are classified into 3 types:[4] The use of videos in West African countries such as Nigeria, Benin, Ghana, Gambia and Guinea has been successful in raising awareness about potentially beneficial technologies and practices among farmers. Extension definition is - the action of extending : state of being extended. The training of extension workers is also a potential driver of employment and economic growth. Agricultural Extension Services. A short summary of this paper. Tef is the main Ethiopian cereal grown on 2.5 million hectares annually, and serves as a staple food for more than 50 million people. Search agricultural extension and thousands of other words in English definition and synonym dictionary from Reverso. The transfer of message [â¦] [17] Extension services need to be sensitive to women’s household responsibilities, availability and suitability of the information to the beneficiary to reduce the exclusion of women from education and training opportunities. In Africa. In other words, an objective means a direction of movement before, starting any programme, its objectives must be clearly stated, so that one knows where to go and what is to be achieved. Citation search. Debre Seit Agricultural Research Centre (DZARC) developed a hybridisation by crossing 2 improved pure-line varieties (DZ-01-974 and DZ-01-196). Extension, in general terms, is a function that can be applied to various areas of society. Furthermore, CFs and ELFs provided a platform for other NGOs to disseminate information on a range of subjects such as HIV/AIDS, gender equality, and conservation. College of Agricultural Sciences. In some cases, programmes training farmers themselves to become informal extension agents have proved successful in building human capital, such as Flora Kahumbe, an agro-dealer in Malawi, who was trained by RUMARK to be a private extension agent. Agricultural extension is the service that provides technical advice to farmers, helps farmers acquire required inputs including credit for farming, provides training and evaluates new agricultural technologies on farmersâ fields in close collaboration with farmers, helps link farmers to supply chain and markets, forwards farmersâ concerns and problems to decision makers and thus helps in ⦠Some of these uncertainties could be mitigated by better access to information and communication technologies (ICT). Hudu Zakaria. Extension can provide farmers with the tools and knowledge they need to adopt new sustainable methods of farming in order to increase their yields, improve their food security and livelihoods and build resilience against climate shocks. Emiliaâs monthly sales now amount to US$1,000. 1949: The central task of extension is to help rural families help themselves by applying science, whether physical or social, to the daily routines of farming, homemaking, and family and community living. Women’s participation in extension is limited by traditional, social and institutional factors. Communication: 1. âCommunication is derived from Latin word âcommunisâ meaning âcommonâ. Generally, agricultural extension can be defined as the âdelivery of information inputs to farmers.â The role of extension services is invaluable in teaching farmers how to improve their productivity. Originally derived from «university extension» (Mosher 1976), the term «extension» is ⦠This model for extension, however, is becoming out-dated in the more competitive, market-oriented climate of todayâs agriculture. The improved higher yielding varieties tend to produce dark seeds, that are unappealing to consumers. SUBSCRIBE. Citation search. [11], A more recent analysis of farmer field schools (FFS) â a participatory approach to farmer education and empowerment featuring discovery learning, experimentation, and group action â found the cost per participant to range between US$20 and US$40. However, no African government is currently spending even a tenth of that amount. Evidence from Nigeria shows that the higher the extension agent to farmer ratio, the more successful the extension delivery. Extension principles are paramount for both the extension agents and the communities in which an extension program are to be implemented. Emilia now serves 300 farmers and used her profits to buy a sunflower processing machine to produce and sell sunflower oil for cooking. 2. âCommunication is the interchange of ideas between two persons, in such a way that they act on the existing knowledge to achieve some useful results. The resulting increase in income was invested in other household needs, such as school fees for their children and poultry projects.[1]. Farmers learn about quality protein maize (QPM) as animal feed at a farmer field day in Kathaka Kaome, Kenya. Credit, CIMMYT. READ PAPER. The project led to increased knowledge amongst farmers on improved production methods, including soil and water conservation. Women in particular reaped financial benefits through the sale of cassava, and 43% of new adopters during a 1-year extension phase were women. Extension also aims to increase the efficiency of the family farm, increase production and generally ⦠Emilia also received advanced business management training and boosted her sales by training farmers on integrated soil fertility management, the targeted and precise use of chemical fertiliser, and selecting appropriate seeds, herbicides and pesticides. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension outreach is a partnership between state, federal, and county governments to provide scientific knowledge and expertise to the public. An important part of the package was ââtraining provided to farmers by DZARC, with regular follow-up sessions and supervision. Ethiopian women harvesting Teff. Subscribe. Agricultural extension principles are essential in promoting an extension programs as it identified basic issues that are related to the full implementation and undertaking in an extension environment. [8] This ratio falls far below the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommendation of 1 officer for every 400 farmers. Trained agents visit communities to ensure the dissemination of current best practices, organize cooperatives, and implement secondary programs. Input sales increased from 2 tonnes of seed and 7.4 tons of fertiliser during 2009-2010 to 65 tonnes and 54 tonnes of seed and fertiliser respectively, in the 2014-2015 season. Found 879 sentences matching phrase "agricultural extension".Found in 24 ms. Agriculture: The utilization of biological processes on farms to produce food and other products useful and necessary to man. Ugandaâs National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) have also contracted out extension services to the private sector and NGOs. After years of neglect and disinvestment, there has been renewed emphasis and new approaches to demand-led extension. New content alerts RSS. The resulting hybrid, Quncho combines popular a white seed colour from DZ-01-196 with the higher yields from DZ-01-974. Information about biodiversity is increas-ingly important to help farmers farm sustainably and access new markets. Lecture Notes ARG 305 Agricultural Extension Education. Book Detail: Dimensions of Agriculture Extension Language: English Pages: 118 Author: TNAU Price: Free Instant Horticulture Outlines of Dimensions of Agriculture Extension Education and extension Principles, philosophy processes and objectives of extension Rural development Developmental programmes of pre-independence era Development programmes of post- independence era ⦠Map & Directions Map & Directions. From: Advances in Agronomy, 2013. Extension is an informal educational process directed toward the rural population. Technology acceptance model revisited for mobile based agricultural extension services in India, Agricultural Encyclopedias and Dictionaries, Agricultural Energy Consumers Association, Agricultural Engineer/Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Engineering and Appropriate Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Engineering Sciences Building, Agricultural Engineering Services Directorate, Agricultural Engineering Technical Information Center, Agricultural Engineering Technology and Business, Agricultural Environmental Management Services, Agricultural Environmental Stewardship Initiative, Agricultural Extension and Adaptive Research Project, Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Department, Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Research Institute, Agricultural Extension Training Institute, Agricultural Field-Scale Irrigation Requirements Simulation, Agricultural Finance Corporation of Zimbabwe, Agricultural Financial Reporting and Analysis, Agricultural Foreign Investment Disclosure Act, Agricultural Foreign Investment Disclosure Act of 1978, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Geo-Referenced Information System, Agricultural Geographic Information System, Agricultural Ground and Surface Water Management Program, Agricultural Hazardous Materials Transportation Endorsement, Agricultural Hazards Early Warning System. The dissemination of useful and However, Agricultural Extension can 2. practical information relating to be defined as an on-going process of agriculture and home economics; getting useful information to farmers or rural EXTENSION HANDBOOK Hudu Zakaria f 3 3.. Technology transfer â the traditional model of the transfer of advice, knowledge and information in a linear manner; [10], Information on the direct costs and cost-effectiveness of agricultural extension services across Africa is sparse, in part because this is not often evaluated. These 2 farmers would then grow demonstration plots of cassava that were also used for multiplication and distribution of cassava to the other farmers. 1. Scientific research on improved varieties and management practices of tef have, until recently, been little adopted by farmers. The University of Florida (UF), together with Florida A&M University (FAMU), administers the Florida Cooperative Extension Service. ADVERTISEMENTS: Read this article to learn about the relationship between Communication, Diffusion, and Adoption. [9] According to the FAO, investment in agriculture extension services needs to increase to 3.5% of the agriculture GDP in order to achieve the necessary coverage. Cooperative Publications Extension is also critical to move research from the lab to the field and to ensure a return on investment in research by translating new knowledge into innovative practices. It operates in the industrial, health and education sectors, as well as agricultural and rural development. These estimates however, do not take into account the costs to beneficiaries which can make the approach relatively costly compared to other types of programme approaches. Emilia Abibo Savio’s shop, an agrodealership in Mozambique. Rural Development's Cooperative Services Program promotes understanding and use of the cooperatives to market and distribute agricultural products. There is no widely accepted definition of agricultural extension. By comparison, a mobile film show cost US$0.17 per farmer per hour and a radio programme cost US$0.004 per listener per hour showing that even early information communication technologies helped to reduce the costs of delivery. Meaning and objectives of agricultural extension, role of extension workers, history and organization of extension services in Nigeria, selected extension methods and techniques, the extension process, meaning of rural sociology, rural leadership pattern and community organization. Cooperative Extension System (CES) empowers farmers, ranchers, and communities of all sizes to meet the challenges they face, adapt to changing technology, improve nutrition and food safety, prepare for and respond to emergencies, and protect our environment. [15] Today 75% of Africans own a mobile phone, making it increasingly easier to reach those located in remote rural areas with timely weather forecasts. Alternative models have emerged that recognise other actors than traditional public extension services â including agribusiness companies, NGOs, agro-dealers, producer organisations and farmer to farmer exchanges. Cassava roots. The project offers business management training and helped Emilia acquire a good understanding of best agronomic practices. Whilst it is still common for agricultural extension workers to be male and to interact only with men, in recent years there has been growing recognition of womenâs role in managing farm households and the importance of female to female communication in the adoption of new farming methods and technologies. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Can digital discussion support tools provide cost-effective options for agricultural extension services? Noun 1. extension agent - an advisor employed by the government to assist people in rural areas with methods of farming and home economics agricultural... Extension agent - definition of extension agent by The Free Dictionary 1 Agriculture Terms & Definitions Adapted from the USDA Acid Soil: A soil with an acid reaction, a pH less than 7.0. Agricultural Extension Oï¬cers communicate with farmers supporting decision-making by providing information on sustain-able farming practices. It emphasizes taking knowledge gained through research and education and bringing it directly to the people to create positive changes. Emilia continues to receive support from AGRA and the African Fertilizer and Agribusiness Partnership (AFAP) to access finance to expand her business. Agricultural extension and education is an essential tool for the development of integrated agricultural development programs (Shahbazi, 1996). In addition to poor extension work, farmers have been reluctant to adopt the improved varieties. Better, reliable and timely information will help farmers become more responsive to price signals and help to expand the reach and impact of extension and advisory services. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Agricultural+extension. Facilitation â the aim of this model is to help farmers to define their own problems and develop their own solutions. The Pennsylvania State University, 323 Agricultural Administration Building, University Park, PA 16802. Agricultural extension services should support these kinds of initiatives by putting ecological restoration to a larger degree on their agenda and provide expertise in this field. Emiliaâs customer-base was growing to around 150 customers, so she decided to build a bigger shop. Agricultural extension programmes have been one of the main conduits of addressing rural poverty and food insecurity. Different authors and scholars at different levels have viewed agricultural extension in various ways. Importantly, farmers can be encouraged to achieve more with existing resources and prevent the expansion of arable land and to restore those lands that have been degraded. How to use extension in a sentence. [2] 1. The major constraint in tef husbandry is its susceptibility to lodging (where the plant is unable to support its own weight and may fall over or snap) that results in low productivity, about an average of 1 tonne per hectare. A. Habtamu, Credit, ILRI. She now owns 60 hectares of land of which more than half is used to grow maize, sesame, fruits and vegetables. This way, the farmers receive not only seed, but also a guarantee against the uncertainties regarding the performance of the new crop and associated technology. [7], In Africa there is an estimated 1 extension worker per 4,000 farmers, compared with 1 per 200 hundred farmers in developed countries. Therefore, it can be difficult to communicate or assimilate advice for widespread use. Meaning of Extension Education: (i) âExtension education is an applied behavioural science dealing with the desirable changes in the behavioural complex of human beings, through various strategies and programmes, by applying the latest scientific and technological innovations.â Farmers reported that they had come to know each other better and their relationships became more reciprocal, suggesting the project helped to build âbuild social capital. In Ethiopia, poverty was reduced by 9.8% from just 1 agricultural extension visit[13] and in Uganda, increases in extension visits reduced stunting and wasting in children.[14]. [1], Case study 1: Extension and Quncho in Ethiopia, Case study 3: Emilia Abibo Savio, Agrodealer, Sussundenga District, Mozambique. Many countries, especially in Latin America, have privatised and contracted out advisory services. Download. The 1994 Department Reorganization Act, passed by Congress, created CSREES by combining the former Cooperative State Research Service and the Extension Service into a single ⦠Credit, Agriculture for Impact, Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. Generally, agricultural extension can be defined as the âdelivery of information inputs to farmers.â[1] The role of extension services is invaluable in teaching farmers how to improve their productivity. These agricultural extension definition could be mitigated by better access to information and communication technologies ( ICT ) neglect disinvestment., a pH less than 7.0 worker or extension officer is the application of scientific research and knowledge to practices!, use a top-down approach and often emphasise the transfer of technology for the... 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